Colorbars and legends

ProPlot includes some useful improvements to the matplotlib API that make working with colorbars and legends much easier.

Axes colorbars and legends

In matplotlib, colorbars are added to the edges of subplots using the figure method matplotlib.figure.Figure.colorbar (e.g., fig.colorbar(m, ax=ax, location='right'). In ProPlot, this is done using the axes method proplot.axes.Axes.colorbar (e.g., ax.colorbar(m, loc='r'). proplot.axes.Axes.colorbar preserves subplot aspect ratios and visual symmetry between subplots by allocating new slots in the proplot.gridspec.GridSpec rather than “stealing” space from the parent subplot (see the tight layout section for details). Subsequently indexing the GridSpec will automatically ignore slots allocated for colorbars and legends.

ProPlot tries to make the usage of proplot.axes.Axes.colorbar and proplot.axes.Axes.legend mutually consistent:

  • Just like colorbar, proplot.axes.Axes.legend can draw “outer” legends along the edges of subplots when you request a side location for the legend (e.g., loc='right' or loc='r'). If you draw multiple colorbars and legends on one side, they are “stacked” on top of each other.

  • Just like legend, proplot.axes.Axes.colorbar can draw “inset” colorbars when you request an inset location for the colorbar (e.g., loc='upper right' or loc='ur'). Inset colorbars have optional background “frames” that can be configured with various colorbar keywords.

  • Both colorbar and legend accept space and pad keywords. space controls the absolute separation of the colorbar or legend from the parent subplot edge and pad controls the tight layout padding between the colorbar or legend and the subplot labels.

You can also draw colorbars and legends on-the-fly by supplying keyword arguments to various plotting commands. To plot data and draw a colorbar or legend in one go, pass a location (e.g., colorbar='r' or legend='b') to the plotting command (e.g., plot or contour). Use legend_kw and colorbar_kw to pass keyword arguments to the colorbar and legend functions. Note that colorbar can also build colorbars from groups or arbitrary matplotlib artists – e.g., those created with successive plot calls (see below).

[1]:

import proplot as pplt
import numpy as np
fig = pplt.figure(share=False, refwidth=2.3)

# Colorbars
ax = fig.subplot(121)
state = np.random.RandomState(51423)
m = ax.heatmap(state.rand(10, 10), colorbar='t', cmap='dusk')
ax.colorbar(m, loc='r')
ax.colorbar(m, loc='ll', label='colorbar label')
ax.format(title='Axes colorbars', suptitle='Axes colorbars and legends demo')

# Legends
ax = fig.subplot(122)
ax.format(title='Axes legends', titlepad='0em')
hs = ax.plot(
    (state.rand(10, 5) - 0.5).cumsum(axis=0), linewidth=3,
    cycle='ggplot', legend='t',
    labels=list('abcde'), legend_kw={'ncols': 5, 'frame': False}
)
ax.legend(hs, loc='r', ncols=1, frame=False)
ax.legend(hs, loc='ll', label='legend label')
fig.format(abc=True, xlabel='xlabel', ylabel='ylabel')
_images/colorbars_legends_2_0.svg
[2]:

import proplot as pplt
import numpy as np
N = 10
state = np.random.RandomState(51423)
fig, axs = pplt.subplots(nrows=2, refwidth='55mm', panelpad='1em', share=False)
fig.format(suptitle='Stacked colorbars demo')

# Repeat for both axes
args1 = (0, 0.5, 1, 1, 'grays', 0.5)
args2 = (0, 0, 0.5, 0.5, 'reds', 1)
args3 = (0.5, 0, 1, 0.5, 'blues', 2)
for j, ax in enumerate(axs):
    ax.format(xlabel='data', xlocator=np.linspace(0, 0.8, 5), title=f'Subplot #{j+1}')
    for i, (x0, y0, x1, y1, cmap, scale) in enumerate((args1, args2, args3)):
        if j == 1 and i == 0:
            continue
        data = state.rand(N, N) * scale
        x, y = np.linspace(x0, x1, N + 1), np.linspace(y0, y1, N + 1)
        m = ax.pcolormesh(x, y, data, cmap=cmap, levels=np.linspace(0, scale, 11))
        ax.colorbar(m, loc='l', label=f'dataset #{i+1}')
_images/colorbars_legends_3_0.svg

Figure colorbars and legends

In ProPlot, colorbars and legends can be added to the edge of figures using the figure methods proplot.figure.Figure.colorbar and proplot.figure.Figure.legend. These methods align colorbars and legends between the edges of the subplot grid rather than the figure. As with axes colorbars and legends, if you draw multiple colorbars or legends on the same side, they are stacked on top of each other. To draw a colorbar or legend alongside particular row(s) or column(s) of the subplot grid, use the row, rows, col, or cols keyword arguments. You can pass an integer to draw the colorbar or legend beside a single row or column (e.g., fig.colorbar(m, row=1)), or pass a tuple to draw the colorbar or legend along a range of rows or columns (e.g., fig.colorbar(m, rows=(1, 2))). The space separation between the subplot grid edge and the colorbars or legends can be controlled with the space keyword, and the tight layout padding can be controlled with the pad keyword.

[3]:

import proplot as pplt
import numpy as np
state = np.random.RandomState(51423)
fig, axs = pplt.subplots(ncols=3, nrows=3, refwidth=1.4)
for ax in axs:
    m = ax.pcolormesh(
        state.rand(20, 20), cmap='grays',
        levels=np.linspace(0, 1, 11), extend='both'
    )
fig.format(
    suptitle='Figure colorbars and legends demo',
    abc='a.', abcloc='l', xlabel='xlabel', ylabel='ylabel'
)
fig.colorbar(m, label='column 1', ticks=0.5, loc='b', col=1)
fig.colorbar(m, label='columns 2 and 3', ticks=0.2, loc='b', cols=(2, 3))
fig.colorbar(m, label='stacked colorbar', ticks=0.1, loc='b', minorticks=0.05)
fig.colorbar(m, label='colorbar with length <1', ticks=0.1, loc='r', length=0.7)

[3]:

<matplotlib.colorbar.Colorbar at 0x7fe2165db490>
_images/colorbars_legends_5_1.svg
[4]:

import proplot as pplt
import numpy as np
state = np.random.RandomState(51423)
fig, axs = pplt.subplots(
    ncols=2, nrows=2, order='F', refwidth=1.7, wspace=2.5, share=False
)

# Plot data
data = (state.rand(50, 50) - 0.1).cumsum(axis=0)
for ax in axs[:2]:
    m = ax.contourf(data, cmap='grays', extend='both')
hs = []
colors = pplt.get_colors('grays', 5)
for abc, color in zip('ABCDEF', colors):
    data = state.rand(10)
    for ax in axs[2:]:
        h, = ax.plot(data, color=color, lw=3, label=f'line {abc}')
    hs.append(h)

# Add colorbars and legends
fig.colorbar(m, length=0.8, label='colorbar label', loc='b', col=1, locator=5)
fig.colorbar(m, label='colorbar label', loc='l')
fig.legend(hs, ncols=2, center=True, frame=False, loc='b', col=2)
fig.legend(hs, ncols=1, label='legend label', frame=False, loc='r')
fig.format(abc='A', abcloc='ul', suptitle='Figure colorbars and legends demo')
for ax, title in zip(axs, ('2D {} #1', '2D {} #2', 'Line {} #1', 'Line {} #2')):
    ax.format(xlabel='xlabel', title=title.format('dataset'))
_images/colorbars_legends_6_0.svg

Colorbar features

The proplot.figure.Figure.colorbar and proplot.axes.Axes.colorbar commands include several new, unique features. Instead of a ScalarMappable, you can pass colormap names, Colormap instances, lists of colors, or lists of Artist instances to colorbar and a ScalarMappable will be built from these colors on-the-fly. The associated colormap normalizer can be specified with the norm and norm_kw keywords. Lists of artists are passed when you use the colorbar keyword with 1D plot commands like plot. The colorbar ticks can be manually specified with values, or ProPlot will infer them from the Artist labels (non-numeric labels will be applied to the colorbar as tick labels). This feature is useful for labeling discrete plot elements that bear some numeric relationship to each other.

Similar to proplot.axes.CartesianAxes.format, you can flexibly specify major tick locations, minor tick locations, and major tick labels using the locator, minorlocator, formatter, ticks, minorticks, and ticklabels keywords. These arguments are passed through the Locator and Formatter constructor functions. You can easily toggle minor ticks using tickminor=True, and you can change the colorbar width and length with the width and length keywords. Note that the width is now specified in physical units – this helps avoid the common issue where colorbars look “too skinny” or “too fat” and preserves the look of the figure when its size is changed. The default widths for outer and inset colorbars are controlled with rc['colorbar.width'] and rc['colorbar.insetwidth'], and the default length for inset colorbars is controlled with rc['colorbar.insetlength'] (the outer colorbar length is always relative to the subplot grid, with a default value of 1). You can also specify the size of the colorbar “extensions” in physical units rather than relative units using the extendsize keyword rather than matplotlib’s extendfrac. The default sizes for outer and inset colorbars are controlled with rc['colorbar.extend'] and rc['colorbar.insetextend']. See the colorbar documentation for details.

[5]:

import proplot as pplt
import numpy as np
fig = pplt.figure(share=False, refwidth=2)

# Colorbars from lines
ax = fig.subplot(121)
state = np.random.RandomState(51423)
data = 1 + (state.rand(12, 10) - 0.45).cumsum(axis=0)
cycle = pplt.Cycle('algae')
hs = ax.line(
    data, lw=4, cycle=cycle, colorbar='lr',
    colorbar_kw={'length': '8em', 'label': 'line colorbar'}
)
ax.colorbar(
    hs, loc='t', values=np.arange(0, 10),
    label='line colorbar', ticks=2
)

# Colorbars from a mappable
ax = fig.subplot(122)
m = ax.contourf(
    data.T, extend='both', cmap='algae',
    levels=pplt.arange(0, 3, 0.5)
)
fig.colorbar(
    m, loc='r', length=1,  # length is relative
    label='interior ticks', tickloc='left'
)
ax.colorbar(
    m, loc='ul', length=6,  # length is em widths
    label='inset colorbar', tickminor=True, alpha=0.5,
)
fig.format(
    suptitle='Colorbar formatting demo',
    xlabel='xlabel', ylabel='ylabel', titleabove=False
)
_images/colorbars_legends_8_0.svg

Legend features

The proplot.figure.Figure.legend and proplot.axes.Axes.legend commands include several new, unique features. Like matplotlib, calling legend without any arguments automatically fills the legend with the labeled artists in the figure. However unlike matplotlib, you can also call legend with a list of matplotlib artists as the sole positional argument, and the labels will be retrieved from the objects with get_label. Labels can be assigned to artists when they are plotted by passing label='label' to the plotting command or, for the case of 2D arrays passed to 1D plot commands, by passing a list of labels using labels=['label1', 'label2', ...]. Labels can also be assigned to contour plots with label='label' like any other plot, and the ContourSet objects returned by commands like contour can be passed to legend. If you pass legend artists that are grouped into tuples (see this matplotlib guide), the default label will be inferred from the artists in the tuple.

You can also draw legends with centered rows by passing center=True or by passing a list of lists of plot handles to legend. This is accomplished by stacking multiple single-row, horizontally centered legends, then adding an encompassing legend frame. To switch between row-major and column-major order for legend entries, simply use the order keyword (the default is order='C'). To modify the legend handles (in particular for plot and scatter plots), simply pass the relevant properties like color, linewidth, or markersize to legend. To alphabetize the legend entries, you can simply use alphabetize=True. See the legend documentation for details.

[6]:

import proplot as pplt
import numpy as np
pplt.rc.cycle = '538'
fig, axs = pplt.subplots(ncols=2, span=False, share='labels', refwidth=2.3)
labels = ['a', 'bb', 'ccc', 'dddd', 'eeeee']
hs1, hs2 = [], []

# On-the-fly legends
state = np.random.RandomState(51423)
for i, label in enumerate(labels):
    data = (state.rand(20) - 0.45).cumsum(axis=0)
    h1 = axs[0].plot(
        data, lw=4, label=label, legend='ul',
        legend_kw={'order': 'F', 'title': 'column major'}
    )
    hs1.extend(h1)
    h2 = axs[1].plot(
        data, lw=4, cycle='Set3', label=label, legend='r',
        legend_kw={'lw': 8, 'ncols': 1, 'frame': False, 'title': 'modified\n handles'}
    )
    hs2.extend(h2)

# Outer legends
ax = axs[0]
ax.legend(hs1, loc='b', ncols=3, title='row major', order='C', facecolor='gray2')
ax = axs[1]
ax.legend(hs2, loc='b', ncols=3, center=True, title='centered rows')
axs.format(xlabel='xlabel', ylabel='ylabel', suptitle='Legend formatting demo')
_images/colorbars_legends_10_0.svg